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TIE-GCM PDAF 3 Simulation of the 2024 Gannon Geomagnetic Storm Assimilating Mass Densities from the TOLEOS Project

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Persistent identifier
doi:10.60507/FK2/QMNFKG
Published version
1.0
Publication date
2026-09-08
License
CC BY 4.0

Description

Earth’s upper atmosphere is strongly affected by solar and geomagnetic activity and coupling to lower atmospheric layers, which together shape the properties of the rarefied gas encountered by satellites in low Earth orbit. Numerical upper-atmosphere models have limited predictive skill, but data assimilation can improve their simulations by combining them with satellite observations. Here we provide global simulations of the upper atmosphere for the full month of May 2024, including the extreme Gannon geomagnetic storm, as a supplement to a paper describing the TIE-GCM PDAF data assimilation software. The dataset demonstrates the software’s capabilities through a simulation without data assimilation and simulations that assimilate satellite-derived neutral mass densities from GRACE-FO 1 and Swarm-C. It includes gridded estimates of neutral mass density, neutral temperature, and electron density, along with simulated values at higher temporal resolution along the GRACE-FO 1 and Swarm-C satellite orbits and the files needed to reproduce the ensemble setup.

Creators

Keywords

Data Assimilation, Thermosphere, Upper Atmosphere, Geomagnetic storm, Ionosphere

Files

Before downloading: Use and redistribution are governed by CC BY 4.0. Review and comply with the license before using the data.
FileTypeBytesChecksum
01a_TIE-GCM-PDAF_2024-05_GRACE-FO1.ncapplication/x-netcdf26043926689MD5 225ed38719a027db9b09e27071f3ba64
02a_TIE-GCM-PDAF_2024-05_GRACE-FO1_Swarm-C.ncapplication/x-netcdf26076871615MD5 afb64a605d2f13a0ae84013b73621e4b
03a_TIE-GCM-PDAF_2024-05_OLS.ncapplication/x-netcdf25632848302MD5 3f91a2d6b3b9d72ea4a946c87ddaa86b
inital_values.tar.gzapplication/gzip9198398085MD5 bb57ae17de929c1bd7aae0938e086973
perturbations_2026a_2024.ncapplication/x-netcdf137758918MD5 f00be81456b2e9d1c8804e6ffe8d53ea
03b_TIE-GCM-PDAF_2024-05_OLS_along_track_only.ncapplication/x-netcdf39424752MD5 6293413addb50be145b73344b82228ec
02b_TIE-GCM-PDAF_2024-05_GRACE-FO1_Swarm-C_along_track_only.ncapplication/x-netcdf78235916MD5 a2d1bdf4219befc4e3ae8c6736336907
01b_TIE-GCM-PDAF_2024-05_GRACE-FO1_along_track_only.ncapplication/x-netcdf78046747MD5 2d4e45cc3e8af0073dbc6d7329c246e2
README_Corbin_TIE-GCM_PDAF_2024-05.mdtext/markdown23702MD5 d8bf810b09dc3af6ead4997789000a46

Citation

Corbin, Armin; Kusche, Jürgen, 2026-09-08, TIE-GCM PDAF 3 Simulation of the 2024 Gannon Geomagnetic Storm Assimilating Mass Densities from the TOLEOS Project, doi:10.60507/FK2/QMNFKG, V1.0

Additional Dataverse fields

Id789
Dataset Typedataset
Internal Version Number78
Latest Version Publishing StateRELEASED
Production Date2026-06-04
Release Time2026-09-08T04:51:24Z
Create Time2026-07-21T15:53:06Z
Citation Date2026-09-08
File Access RequestTrue

Export metadata

Static metadata exports available for this published dataset version:

Complete Dataverse metadata

Citation Metadata

Title title
TIE-GCM PDAF 3 Simulation of the 2024 Gannon Geomagnetic Storm Assimilating Mass Densities from the TOLEOS Project
Author author
  1. Author Name
    Corbin, Armin
    Author Affiliation
    University of Bonn
    Author Identifier Scheme
    ORCID
    Author Identifier
    Type Name
    authorIdentifier
    Multiple
    False
    Type Class
    primitive
    Value
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-0949
    Expandedvalue
    Person Name
    Corbin, Armin
    @id
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6256-0949
    Scheme
    ORCID
    @type
    https://schema.org/Person
  2. Author Name
    Kusche, Jürgen
    Author Affiliation
    University of Bonn
    Author Identifier Scheme
    ORCID
    Author Identifier
    Type Name
    authorIdentifier
    Multiple
    False
    Type Class
    primitive
    Value
    https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-021X
    Expandedvalue
    Person Name
    Kusche, Jürgen
    @id
    https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7069-021X
    Scheme
    ORCID
    @type
    https://schema.org/Person
Dataset Contact datasetContact
  1. Dataset Contact Name
    Corbin, Armin
    Dataset Contact Affiliation
    University of Bonn
    Dataset Contact Email
    corbin@uni-bonn.de
Ds Description dsDescription
  1. Ds Description Value
    Earth’s upper atmosphere is strongly affected by solar and geomagnetic activity and coupling to lower atmospheric layers, which together shape the properties of the rarefied gas encountered by satellites in low Earth orbit. Numerical upper-atmosphere models have limited predictive skill, but data assimilation can improve their simulations by combining them with satellite observations. Here we provide global simulations of the upper atmosphere for the full month of May 2024, including the extreme Gannon geomagnetic storm, as a supplement to a paper describing the TIE-GCM PDAF data assimilation software. The dataset demonstrates the software’s capabilities through a simulation without data assimilation and simulations that assimilate satellite-derived neutral mass densities from GRACE-FO 1 and Swarm-C. It includes gridded estimates of neutral mass density, neutral temperature, and electron density, along with simulated values at higher temporal resolution along the GRACE-FO 1 and Swarm-C satellite orbits and the files needed to reproduce the ensemble setup.
    Ds Description Date
    2026-07-21
Subject subject
  1. Earth and Environmental Sciences
  2. Physics
Free Keyword freeKeyword
  1. Free Keyword Value
    Data Assimilation
  2. Free Keyword Value
    Thermosphere
  3. Free Keyword Value
    Upper Atmosphere
  4. Free Keyword Value
    Geomagnetic storm
  5. Free Keyword Value
    Ionosphere
Publication publication
  1. Publication Relation Type
    IsSupplementTo
    Publication Citation
    Corbin, Armin and Kusche, Jürgen: TIE-GCM PDAF 3: an efficient ensemble-based data assimilation system for the TIE-GCM 3.0 (in preparation)
  2. Publication Relation Type
    References
    Publication Citation
    A. Corbin, “Enhancing Numerical Simulation of Mass Density in Earth’s Upper Atmosphere using Data Assimilation,” Thesis, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2025.
    Publication IDType
    doi
    Publication IDNumber
    10.48565/bonndoc-596
    Publication URL
    https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-596
  3. Publication Relation Type
    References
    Publication Citation
    A. Corbin and J. Kusche, “Improving the estimation of thermospheric neutral density via two-step assimilation of in situ neutral density into a numerical model,” Earth, Planets and Space, vol. 74, no. 1, p. 183, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s40623-022-01733-z.
    Publication IDType
    doi
    Publication IDNumber
    10.1186/s40623-022-01733-z
    Publication URL
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-022-01733-z
  4. Publication Relation Type
    References
    Publication Citation
    Wu, H., Wang, W., Pham, K. H., Lin, D., Rao, N., Wiltberger, M. J., et al. (2025). The NCAR-TIEGCM Version 3.0. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 130, e2025JA034219.
    Publication IDType
    doi
    Publication IDNumber
    10.1029/2025JA034219
    Publication URL
    https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA034219
  5. Publication Relation Type
    References
    Publication Citation
    Qian, L., Burns, A.G., Emery, B.A., Foster, B., Lu, G., Maute, A., Richmond, A.D., Roble, R.G., Solomon, S.C. and Wang, W. (2014). The NCAR TIE-GCM. In Modeling the Ionosphere–Thermosphere System (eds J. Huba, R. Schunk and G. Khazanov).
    Publication IDType
    doi
    Publication IDNumber
    10.1002/9781118704417.ch7
    Publication URL
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118704417.ch7
  6. Publication Relation Type
    References
    Publication Citation
    D. R. Weimer, “Improved ionospheric electrodynamic models and application to calculating Joule heating rates,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol. 110, no. A5, 2005
    Publication IDType
    doi
    Publication IDNumber
    10.1029/2004JA010884
    Publication URL
    https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010884
  7. Publication Citation
    L. Nerger, PDAF (Parallel Data Assimilation Framework). (Sep. 19, 2024). Zenodo
    Publication IDType
    doi
    Publication IDNumber
    10.5281/zenodo.13789628
    Publication URL
    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13789628
  8. Publication Citation
    L. Nerger and W. Hiller, “Software for ensemble-based data assimilation systems—Implementation strategies and scalability,” Computers & Geosciences, vol. 55, pp. 110–118, 2013
    Publication IDType
    doi
    Publication IDNumber
    10.1016/j.cageo.2012.03.026
    Publication URL
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.03.026
  9. Publication Citation
    L. Nerger, T. Janjić, J. Schröter, and W. Hiller, “A Unification of Ensemble Square Root Kalman Filters,” Monthly Weather Review, vol. 140, no. 7, pp. 2335–2345, 2012
    Publication IDType
    doi
    Publication IDNumber
    10.1175/MWR-D-11-00102.1
    Publication URL
    https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00102.1
Language language
  1. English
Production Date productionDate
2026-06-04
Production Place productionPlace
University of Bonn
Grant Number grantNumber
  1. Grant Number Agency
    DFG
    Grant Number Value
    462853228
Depositor depositor
Corbin, Armin
Date Of Deposit dateOfDeposit
2026-07-21
Time Period Covered timePeriodCovered
  1. Time Period Covered Start
    2024-05-01
    Time Period Covered End
    2024-06-01
Software software
  1. Software Name
    TIE-GCM-PDAF
    Software Version
    3
Data Sources dataSources
  1. TOLEOS project https://thermosphere.tudelft.nl/index.html
  2. N. Hładczuk, J. van den IJssel, T. Kodikara, K., C. Siemes, P. Visser (2023) GRACE-FO radiation pressure modelling for accurate density and crosswind retrieval. Advances in Space Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.12.059
  3. C. Siemes, C. Borries, S. Bruinsma, I. Fernandez-Gomez, N. Hładczuk, J. van den IJssel, T. Kodikara, K. Vielberg, P. Visser (2023) New Thermosphere Neutral Mass Density and Crosswind Datasets from CHAMP, GRACE, and GRACE-FO. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2023014
  4. G. March, J. van den IJssel, C. Siemes, P. Visser, E. Doornbos, M. Pilinski (2021) Gas-surface interactions modelling influence on satellite aerodynamics and thermosphere density. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, 11: 54. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2021035
  5. P. Visser and J. van den IJssel J (2016) Orbit determination and estimation of non-gravitational accelerations for the GOCE reentry phase. Advances in Space Research 58: 1840–1853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2016.07.013
  6. Lan, X., Tans, P. and K.W. Thoning: Trends in globally-averaged CO2 determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory measurements, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15138/9N0H-ZH07
  7. N. E. Papitashvili and J. H. King: OMNI Hourly Data Set, NASA Space Physics Data Facility, 2020. doi: 10.48322/1SHR-HT18 https://doi.org/10.48322/1SHR-HT18
  8. IGRF 14 https://github.com/IAGA-VMOD/IGRF14eval
  9. M. E. Hagan and J. M. Forbes, “Migrating and nonmigrating diurnal tides in the middle and upper atmosphere excited by tropospheric latent heat release,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 107, no. D24, p. ACL 6-1-ACL 6-15, 2002, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001236.

Software Metadata (CodeMeta v2.0)

Code Repository codeRepository
  1. https://github.com/rainbowsend/TIE-GCM-PDAF
Application Category applicationCategory
  1. Data Assimilation
  2. Simulation
Programming Language programmingLanguage
  1. Fortran
Runtime Platform runtimePlatform
  1. GCC 11.3
Operating System operatingSystem
  1. AlmaLinux 9.6
Software Requirements Item softwareRequirementsItem
  1. Software Requirements
    TIE-GCM 3.0
    Software Requirements Info Url
    https://github.com/NCAR/tiegcm
  2. Software Requirements
    PDAF 2.3
    Software Requirements Info Url
    https://github.com/PDAF/PDAF
  3. Software Requirements
    ESMF 8
    Software Requirements Info Url
    https://github.com/esmf-org/esmf
Processor Requirements processorRequirements
  1. x86 and 576 physical cores
Storage Requirements storageRequirements
1 TB
Software Help softwareHelp
  1. https://github.com/rainbowsend/TIE-GCM-PDAF/tree/PDAF

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