1. Title of the dataset: Tanzania Cashewnuts Contract Farming 2022

2. Brief description of the research project and its aims:
Research questions:
(1) What are the effects of contract farming vis-à-vis auctions on the welfare of Tanzanian cashew nuts farmers?
(2) What are the main challenges and issues that Tanzanian cashew nuts agro-processing firms face to increase competitiveness in international markets?
Objective: quantitatively assess the effects of contract farming arrangements on farmers’ welfare (crop production and food security) and qualitatively investigate its effects on firms’ competitiveness and access to international markets.

3. Author Information
	A. Investigator Contact Information
		Name: André Bueno Rezende de Castro
		Institution: Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn
		Address: Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
		Email: brcandre1@gmail.com

	B. Project Supervisor (Principal Investigator) Contact Information
		Name: André Bueno Rezende de Castro
		Institution: Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn
		Address: Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
		Email: brcandre1@gmail.com

	C. In case of questions related to this dataset, please contact:
		Name: André Bueno Rezende de Castro
		Institution: Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn
		Address: Genscherallee 3, 53113 Bonn, Germany
		Email: brcandre1@gmail.com

4. Date of data collection: 2022-02-21 - 2022-05-27

5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: 
This work was supported by personal funding to the investigator from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) [Grant number 91744655] and by a fieldwork grant from the Dr. Hermann Eiselen Foundation fiat panis. The investigator is grateful for the funding.

6. Language of the dataset: English

7. Geographic location of data collection <latitude, longitude, or city/region, State, Country: 
Country: Tanzania
Regions: Pwani, Lindi, Mtwara


B DATA & FILE OVERVIEW

1. File List:
CSV file with the variables used in the analysis: "Andre-Castro-PhD-Thesis-Dataset_UniBonn-Data-Portal.csv"
Stata dta file with the variables used in the analysis: "Andre-Castro-PhD-Thesis-Dataset_UniBonn-Data-Portal.dta"

2. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? no
	
3. Relationship between files: NA

4. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: 
Qualitative semi-structured interviews with government officials and cashew processing firms´ managers.
Due to confidentiality reasons these data cannot be published.


C SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION

1. Was data derived from another source? no

2. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC BY-NC 4.0
For any utilization of this data set, in whole or in part, cite the following:
Bueno Rezende de Castro, André, 2024, "Tanzania Cashewnuts Contract Farming 2022", https://doi.org/10.60507/FK2/3YPAJS, bonndata

3. Links to publications that cite or use the data <best via persistent identifiers, eg. DOI>:
PhD Thesis of the principal investigator: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-167

4. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: NA

5. Links/relationships to ancillary datasets: NA


D METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION

1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: 
Econometric methodology: instrumental variables two-stage least-squares (2SLS); matching methods: PSM and IPWRA. For full explanation refer to Section 3.3 of the PhD thesis of the principal investigator: https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-167

2. Methods for processing the data: 
Raw data was collected in farming households using Android tablets and inserted into ODK Aggregate.
Raw data was transferred to Stata using .csv files.
Raw data was cleaned using Stata 17 MP2.

3. Instrument- and/or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: 
Stata 17 MP2, or equivalent.

4. People involved in sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission:
Investigator and data coordinator: André Bueno Rezende de Castro.
Research coordinator: Kevin Rugaimukamu.
Data coder (ODK): Justine Govella.
Field enumerators: Farida Katunzi, Daniel Sifael, Peter Nyanda.

5. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: 
During the data collection (see Section A4), the investigator ran quality check-ups on a weekly basis in tandem with the data coder.

6. Standards and calibration information: NA

7. Environmental/experimental conditions: NA


E DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: "Andre-Castro-PhD-Thesis-C3-Dataset_ZEF-Data-Portal_20240227_2.csv"

1. Variable list including full names and definitions (please spell out abbreviated words) of column headings for tabular data:
ag32 - Contract farming of cashew nuts: dummy variable, with 1 if the HH contracted his cashew nuts plots in the last 12 months, 0 otherwise.
ag18 - Cashew output: amount of cashew nuts (measured in kilograms) that the HH harvested in the last 12 months.
HFIAS_scale - 1. Food secure: HFIAS score 24. 2. Mildly food insecure: HFIAS score 20-23. 3. Moderately food insecure: 10-20. 4. Severely food insecure: 0-9.
HFIAS_score - food insecurity access scale score. 0-27 (higher values denote higher food insecurity).
district - District: categorical variables capturing the district in which the HH is located:
1. Kibaha. 2. Visiga. 3. Kibewa. 4. Mpafu. 5. Tandahimba. 6. Masasi. 7. Newala. 8. Mikoma.
village - Village: categorical variables capturing the village or town in which the HH is located (contained in district):
1. Amani. 2. Chanika nguo. 3. Chisigu. 4. Kibewa. 5. Mailisita. 6. Majengo. 7. Matogoro. 8. Mbonde. 9. Miembe Saba. 10. Migongo. 11. Mikoma. 12. Misigusu. 
13. Mji mpya. 14. Mji mwema. 15. Mkarango. 16. Mkunya. 17. Mpafu.  18. Msilili. 19. Mtakuja. 20. Mwenda Pole. 21. Namkungwi. 22. Nangose. 23. Tandahimba.
24. Temeke. 25. Visiga.
hi1 - Number HH members: number of members of the household
hi41 - HH head age: age of the HH head
eduhead_yrs - Education: HH head number of years of formal education
gender - Gender: dummy variable, with 1 if the HH is female
credit - Received credit: dummy variable, with 1 if the HH received credit in the last 12 months
or1 - Lives in the village where the HH head was born: dummy variable, with 1 if the HH head lives in the same village where he/she was born (measures internal migration), and 0 otherwise
ag8 - Cashew farm size: number of farm acres that the HH head dedicates for cashew nuts cultivation
ag12 - Workers family: How many people worked in this farm as family labor in the past 12 months
ag13 - Days of family labor: number of days of family labor in the farm plots in the last 12 months
ag15 - Workers hired: How many additional workers have you hired to help you and your family in the farm plots in the last 12 months
ag16 - Days of hired labor: number of days of hired labor (outside of family) in the farm plots in the last 12 months
ag29 - Quantity of herbicides, pesticide, insecticide: amount of herbicides, pesticide, insecticide (measured in liters) that the HH head applied in the last 12 months in his/her cashew nuts plots
soil_good - Soil quality: dummy variable, with 1 if the HH head self-assesses his soil quality as good
steep - Soil steepness: dummy variable, with 1 if the HH head self-assesses his soil profile as steep
tr11 - HH received agricultural training: dummy variable, with 1 if the any member of the HH received any type of agricultural training in the last 12 months, 0 otherwise
dist_10km - Number of CF farmers (10  km radius): used as IV. Number of HH within the dataset that contracted his/her cashew nuts plots in the past 12 months that are located within a 10 km radius from each HH.
dist_25km - Number of CF farmers (25  km radius): used as IV. Number of HH within the dataset that contracted his/her cashew nuts plots in the past 12 months that are located within a 25 km radius from each HH.
dist_100km - Number of CF farmers (100 km radius): used as IV. Number of HH within the dataset that contracted his/her cashew nuts plots in the past 12 months that are located within a 100 km radius from each HH.
dist_200km - Number of CF farmers (200 km radius): used as IV. Number of HH within the dataset that contracted his/her cashew nuts plots in the past 12 months that are located within a 200 km radius from each HH.
dist_nearest - Distance to nearest CF farmer (Kms): used as IV. Distance from each HH (measured in Kilometers) to the nearest HH that contracted his/her cashew nuts plots in the past 12 months.
dist_nearest_sq - Squared distance to nearest farmer (Km): squared variable of the above.

Note: This dataset does not include the variable dist_nearest that was used as an instrument for participation in contract farming. The reason for its exclusion is that this variable could potentially identify individual households. However, the variable dist_nearest can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request

2. Units of measurement used: See above.

3. Missing data codes/symbols: NA

4. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used:
HH: household
CF: contract farming
IV: instrumental variable
PSM: propensity score matching
IPWRA: inverse probability weighted regression adjustment