This file was generated on 2026.01.30 by ELENA PARINA A GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title of the dataset: 16th Century Welsh Translations: Part-of-Speech Tagged Corpus 2. Brief description of the research project and its aims: This dataset contains part-of-speech (POS) tagged Welsh texts from the sixteenth century. The corpus comprises 22 Welsh translations and one original Welsh composition. The translations render religious, doctrinal, narrative, and didactic prose from Latin and English source texts; the original composition incorporates translated quotations from biblical and patristic sources. The texts are drawn from both manuscript and early printed sources dating approximately from 1508 to 1612. The dataset is intended to support linguistic, philological, and Digital Humanities research, including historical morphology and syntax, translation studies, and corpus-based analysis. The files are not intended to function as critical or diplomatic editions. 3. Author Information A. Investigator Contact Information Name: Raphael Sackmann, Elena Parina, and Marieke Meelen Institution: University of Marburg (Raphael Sackmann); University of Bonn (Elena Parina); University of Cambridge (Marieke Meelen) Address: University of Bonn, Institute of English, American and Celtic Studies, Rabinstraße 8, 53111 Bonn Email: eparina@uni-bonn.de (Elena Parina) B. Project Supervisor (Principal Investigator) Contact Information Name: Erich Poppe (University of Marburg) and Elena Parina (University of Bonn) Institution: University of Marburg; University of Bonn C. In case of questions related to this dataset, please contact: Name: Elena Parina Institution: University of Bonn Address: University of Bonn, Institute of English, American and Celtic Studies, Rabinstraße 8, 53111 Bonn Email: eparina@uni-bonn.de 4. Date of data collection: Corpus preparation and annotation: 2018–2025 5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: This corpus was prepared as part of two consecutive research projects: • The Welsh Contribution to the Early Modern Cultures of Translation: 16th Century Strategies of Translating into Welsh (2018–2021, led by Elena Parina and Erich Poppe, University of Marburg) (PA 3312/1-1 und PO 273/6-1) • Early Modern Cultures of Translation in Wales: Innovations and Continuities (2021–2025, led by Elena Parina, University of Bonn, and Erich Poppe, University of Marburg) (PA 3312/1-2 und PO 273/6-2) Both projects were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) as part of the Priority Programme SPP2130 "Translation Cultures of the Early Modern Period". 6. Language of the dataset: Data language: Early Modern Welsh Documentation language: English 7. Geographic location of data collection: Texts originate mainly from Wales (United Kingdom), some were printed outside of Wales Corpus preparation locations: Marburg, Germany; Bonn, Germany; Cambridge, United Kingdom B DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1. File List: The corpus is in the folder PoS-taggedTexts and consists of 23 POS-tagged text files (.txt format), each named according to the convention _tagged.txt: 1. basilikon_tagged.txt (6,137 words) 2. cartigny_tagged.txt (12,125 words) 3. catechism_tagged.txt (1,408 words) 4. catechism_1567_tagged.txt (2,347 words) 5. commonitorium_tagged.txt (1,080 words) 6. deffyniad_tagged.txt (13,502 words) 7. erasmus_tagged.txt (1,348 words) 8. gesta_tagged.txt (11,226 words) 9. gospel_h22_tagged.txt (2,664 words) 10. gwyn_ch1_tagged.txt (1,273 words) 11. mirk_h22_tagged.txt (2,203 words) 12. perl_tagged.txt (12,184 words) 13. pregethau1606_tagged.txt (12,320 words) 14. quicunque_tagged.txt (675 words) 15. rolewinck_tagged.txt (1,377 words) 16. seneca_tagged.txt (1,297 words) 17. sisero_tagged.txt (1,693 words) 18. sulpicius_tagged.txt (1,842 words) 19. theophrastes_tagged.txt (1,164 words) 20. TN_Sal1567_tagged.txt (13,103 words) 21. transitus1_tagged.txt (1,703 words) 22. vives_tagged.txt (2,321 words) 23. wrsla_tagged.txt (4,002 words) Total corpus size: 108,994 words Additional files: - README_WelshTranslations16_POS_Corpus.txt (this file): Overview and metadata for the entire corpus - WelshTranslations16_POS_Corpus_tagset.csv : the full tagset 2. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? no Version 1.0 (July 2026) - Initial release 3. Relationship between files: Each .txt file is a standalone POS-tagged text. All files follow the same annotation conventions and tagset as documented in WT16POS_tagset.csv . Files can be analyzed individually or as a combined corpus. Some texts represent different translations of the same source (e.g., catechism_tagged.txt and catechism_1567_tagged.txt are both translations of a catechism from The Book of Common Prayer). 4. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: The underlying editions and manuscript transcriptions used as sources for this corpus are not included but are cited in the metadata and references section. Source texts (Latin and English originals) are also not included. C SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION 1. Was data derived from another source? yes Yes. The corpus texts are based on: - Existing scholarly editions and transcriptions of Welsh manuscripts - Digital sources from Early English Books Online (EEBO) - Specific editions cited in the detailed metadata (Section E and References) Key sources include: • Early English Books Online (EEBO): https://www.proquest.com/eebo • Various scholarly editions (see full list in References section) • Transcriptions provided by scholars (e.g., Jane Cartwright) 2. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: The dataset is made available for non-commercial research and teaching purposes. CC BY 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 3. Links to publications that cite or use the data : https://doi.org/10.48565/bonndoc-904 D METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: The corpus was compiled by selecting 23 Welsh texts from the sixteenth century (approximately 1508–1612). Text selection focused on translations and one original composition with translated quotations. Sources include: a) Digitized early printed books accessed via Early English Books Online (EEBO) b) Modern scholarly editions of manuscript texts c) Transcriptions prepared by other scholars Texts were selected to represent: - The breadth of sixteenth-century Welsh translation activity - Religious texts (biblical, catechetical, devotional, theological) - Various source languages (primarily Latin and English) - Both manuscript and print sources For detailed source information for each text, see the complete text metadata in Section E. 2. Methods for processing the data: a) Preprocessing: - Texts were scanned, ocr’ed and proofread from academic editions, or else converted from .html to .txt format and stripped from all additional information by Raphael Sackmann and Elena Parina. b) Tokenization and automatic POS tagging: - Automatic part-of-speech tagging was performed using methods developed by Marieke Meelen (University of Cambridge) - The tagger was initially trained on Middle Welsh texts from PARSHCWL - The trained model was then applied to the sixteenth-century corpus c) Manual correction: - Manual corrections were performed by Raphael Sackmann and Elena Parina - Corrections were made with advice from Erich Poppe - Given the diachronic range, orthographic variation, and genre diversity, the tagging should not be considered infallible d) Annotation conventions: Author for this section: Raphael Sackmann Annotation generally follows the conventions of PARSHCWL, the Parsed Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language, see Meelen & Willis (2021, 2022), in particular. The texts are divided into so-called ‘utterance boundaries’, which are indicated by at the end of a line. To indicate a division of tokens, a # sign is used. For combining one or more tokens, a ! symbol is used. An asterisk * is used at the beginning of a token whenever it is amended. A plus sign + marks a phonologically missing character or element. It should be noted that in nine instances, missing phonological material is indicated at the beginning of a token. This differs from Meelen & Willis (2021: 141), according to whom a plus sign only occurs at the end of a token in such cases (instead of #). Furthermore, certain empty categories are indicated by using a plus sign. In our texts, this applies to null topics (with the tags /*top* and /*top-pl*) and to null expletives (/*exp*), cf. Meelen & Willis (2022: 24–28). Null pronouns are not taken into account in the present version of the files. e) Quality assurance: - Manual review and correction of automatic tagging - Consultation with project supervisors on difficult cases 3. Instrument- and/or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: Files are plain text (.txt) with UTF-8 encoding and can be opened with any text editor. For corpus analysis, users may employ: - Standard corpus linguistic tools compatible with tagged text formats - Programming languages such as Python or R with text processing libraries Tagset documentation: The tagset is based on and expands the UPenn Historical Corpora tagset (https://www.ling.upenn.edu/histcorpora/). For explanation on the annotation see above. The tagset is available in the file WT16POS_tagset.csv. Note that the file uses a semicolon (;) as the column separator. 4. People involved in sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: - Marieke Meelen (University of Cambridge): Automatic part-of-speech tagging - Raphael Sackmann: Manual corrections and annotation - Elena Parina (University of Bonn): Manual corrections, annotation, corpus compilation, documentation - Erich Poppe (University of Marburg): Project supervision and consultation 5. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: - Manual review and correction of all automatically tagged texts - Consultation among annotators on difficult or ambiguous cases - Reference to established annotation conventions from PARSHCWL - Supervision and feedback from project principal investigators Limitations acknowledged: - POS tagging accuracy may vary across periods, genres, and translation types - Tagging represents informed scholarly interpretation but is not infallible - Segmentation into utterance units involves interpretative decision-making - Users should consult cited editions for detailed philological or textual work 6. Standards and calibration information: Annotation standards: - Based on conventions established in the Parsed Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language (PARSHCWL) - Tagset based on and expanded from UPenn Historical Corpora - Complete tagset and conventions documented in accompanying PDF 7. Environmental/experimental conditions : Not applicable (historical text corpus) E DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR INDIVIDUAL TEXT FILES The following section provides detailed metadata for each of the 23 texts in the corpus. For each text, the following information is provided where available: - File name: Identifier used in filename - Text title: Conventional title of the Welsh text - Translator: Name(s) of translator(s) where known - Information on MS/Print: Specific manuscript or print reference - Date: Date or approximate date range of composition/translation - Edition used: Modern edition or digital source used for transcription - Coverage: Whether the text is included in full or partially - Text length: Word count - Source text: Original text being translated - Source language: Language of the source text (Latin/English) - Genre: Literary genre - Additional notes: Other relevant information 1. basilikon_tagged.txt Text Title: Basilikon Doron nev Athrawiaeth i Fawredh y'w anwylaf Fab Henry'r Tywysog Translator: Robert Holland (1557–c.1629) Information on MS/Print: Basilikon doron: nev, Athrawiaeth i Fawredh yw anwylaf fab Henri'r Tywysog [...] London: by Simon Stafford for Thomas Salisbury, 1604; S510227 Date: 1604 Edited in: EEBO Coverage: full Text Length: 6,137 words Source Text: Basilikon Doron by James I (Edinburgh 1599; London 1603) Source Language: English Genre: treatise Additional Notes: Translated also at the same time into Latin, French, German and Dutch, see Lyall 2002 __________________________________ 2. cartigny_tagged.txt Text Title: Y Marchog Crwydrad Translator: Anonymous Information on MS/Print: NLW, Llst 178 Date: c. 1575 Edited in: Smith 2002: l. 1-1075 Coverage: partial Text Length: 12,125 words Source Text: The voyage of the wandering knight. Deuised by Iohn Carthenie, a Frenchman: and translated out of French into English, by William Goodyear of South-hampton merchant. Available EEBO, STC (2nd ed.) / 4700 Source Language: English Genre: narrative __________________________________ 3. catechism_tagged.txt Text Title: Catecism y Llyfr Gweddi Gyffredin Translator: Anonymous Information on MS/Print: BL Add. 9069, tt.58-63 Date: 1571 Edited in: RhG2: 43-47 Coverage: full Text Length: 1,408 words Source Text: The Book of Common Prayer – translation independent from Lliver Gweddi Gyffredin 1567 Source Language: English Genre: dialogue __________________________________ 4. catechism_1567_tagged.txt Text Title: Catecism y Lliver Gweddi Gyffredin Translator: William Salesbury Information on MS/Print: Lliver Gweddi Gyffredin (London: Henry Denham for Humfrey Toy, 1567), ESTC S93923 Date: 1567 Edited in: EEBO; p. cxxiii-cxxv Coverage: full Text Length: 2,347 words Source Text: The Book of Common Prayer Source Language: English Genre: dialogue __________________________________ 5. commonitorium_tagged.txt Text Title: Llyfr Prydferth Vincentius Lirinensis Translator: Anonymous Information on MS/Print: NLW, Cwrtmawr 16 Date: 1591 Edited in: RhG1954: 76-79 Coverage: partial Text Length: 1,080 words Source Text: Commonitorium by Vincent of Lérins Source Language: Latin Genre: treatise __________________________________ 6. deffyniad_tagged.txt Text Title: Deffynniad Ffydd Translator: Maurice Kyffin Information on MS/Print: Maurice Kyffin, Deffynniad Ffydd, London, 1595; ESTC S5095 Date: 1595 Edited in: Kyffin 1908. P:[1]-[34], Ausgabe 1595 via EEBO Coverage: partial Text Length: 13,502 words Source Text: Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae by Bishop John Jewel and its English translation by Anne Cooke Bacon, An Apologie or answere in defence of the Churche of Englande (1564) both EEBO (see Poppe 2022) Source Language: Latin Genre: treatise __________________________________ 7. erasmus_tagged.txt Text Title: Colloquium Adolescentis et Scorti Translator: ?Roger Morris Information on MS/Print: Cardiff 2.615 Date: 1748-9 Edited in: Chotzen 1927 Coverage: full Text Length: 1,348 words Source Text: Colloquium Adolescentis et Scorti by Erasmus Source Language: Latin Genre: dialogue __________________________________ 8. gesta_tagged.txt Text Title: Gesta Romanorum Translator: Anon. Information on MS/Print: NLW 13076 B (Llanover B 18) Date: s.xvi/xvii Edited in: Williams 2000: l. 46-934 Coverage: partial Text Length: 11,226 words Source Text: mainly Wynkyn de Worde's printed English editions (see Williams 2000) Source Language: English Genre: narrative __________________________________ 9. gospel_h22_tagged.txt Text Title: Rhannau'r Efengylau Translator: Anon. Information on MS/Print: Havod 22 (Cardiff 2.632) Date: 1550-1575 Edited in: RhG1954: 79-86 Coverage: partial Text Length: 2,664 words Source Text: Lewis 1921, Translations from Joh 4, Joh 11, multiple Latin and English sources possible Additional Notes: on the MS see Huws 2022: 1: 555 Source Language: Latin? Genre: Bible: narrative / prayer __________________________________ 10. gwyn_ch1_tagged.txt Text Title: Na all fod un Ffydd ond yr Hen Ffydd Translator: Robert Gwyn Information on MS/Print: NLW 15542B Date: 1604 Edited in: McCann 2016, l. 498-595 Coverage: partial Text Length: 1,273 words Source Text: N/A Source Language: original treatise containing multiple quotations translated from Bible and Church Fathers Genre: treatise __________________________________ 11. mirk_h22_tagged.txt Text Title: Homili Translator: Anon. Information on MS/Print: Havod 22 (Cardiff 2.632) Date: 1550-1575 Edited in: RhG1954: 112-118 Coverage: partial Text Length: 2,203 words Source Text: Liber Festialis of John Mirk Additional Notes: on the MS see Huws 2022: 1: 555 Source Language: English Genre: treatise __________________________________ 12. perl_tagged.txt Text Title: Perl mewn adfyd Translator: Huw Lewys Information on MS/Print: Perl mew adfyd... Oxford, ESTC S102525 Date: 1595 Edited in: Willis & Mittendorf 2004 Coverage: partial Text Length: 12,184 words Source Text: English A spyrytuall and moost precyouse pearle by Miles Coverdale (EEBO, STC (2nd ed.) / 25255), translated from Otto Werdmüller Ein Kleinot Von Trost und Hilf in allerley Trübsalen Source Language: English Genre: treatise __________________________________ 13. pregethau1606_tagged.txt Text Title: Pregethau a osodwyd allan trwy awdurdod i'w darllein Translator: Edward James Information on MS/Print: Edward James, Pregethau a osodwyd allan trwy awdurdod i'w darllein, London, 1606, ESTC S125035 Date: 1606 Edited in: EEBO Coverage: partial Text Length: 12,320 words Source Text: Certaine sermons appointed by the Queenes Maiestie, to be declared and read, by all parsons, vicars, and curates, euerie Sunday and holy day in their churches [STC (2nd ed.) / 13658] and The seconde tome of homilies Of such matters as were promised, and entituled in the former part of homilies. Set out by the authoritie of the Queenes Maiestie: and to be read in euerie parish church agreeably. [STC (2nd ed.) / 13674] London: Edward Allde, 1595 (EEBO) Source Language: English Genre: treatise __________________________________ 14. quicunque_tagged.txt Text Title: Quicunque vult Translator: Anon. Information on MS/Print: Llyfer Plygain, Llunden, 1612; ESTC S123171 Date: 1612 Edited in: RhG1956: 234-236 Coverage: full Text Length: 675 words Source Text: Primer: Athanasian Creed Source Language: Latin? Genre: treatise __________________________________ 15. rolewinck_tagged.txt Text Title: Hanes y Rhufeiniaid a'r Iddewon Translator: Syr Thomas ap Ieuan ap Deicws Information on MS/Print: BL Add. 12,193, tt. 82a-87a Date: 1508-10 Edited in: RhG1954: 14-18 Coverage: partial Text Length: 1,377 words Source Text: Fasciculus Temporum Werner Rolewinck (1425-1502) Source Language: Latin Genre: narrative __________________________________ 16. seneca_tagged.txt Text Title: De remediis Fortuitorum Liber Translator: ?Roger Morris Information on MS/Print: Cardiff 2.615 Date: 1748-9 Edited in: Lloyd 1972a Coverage: full Text Length: 1,297 words Source Text: Seneca - De remediis Fortuitorum Liber [partial] Source Language: Latin Genre: treatise __________________________________ 17. sisero_tagged.txt Text Title: De senectute Translator: Gruffudd Robert Information on MS/Print: Gruffudd Robert Gramadeg Cymraeg, Milan; STC (2nd ed.) 21076.5 Date: 1584-1598 Edited in: EEBO, [booklet 6, 1-8] Coverage: full Text Length: 1,693 words Source Text: Cicero De senectute Source Language: Latin Genre: treatise __________________________________ 18. sulpicius_tagged.txt Text Title: Hanes Abraham, Lot, Isaac, a Jacob Translator: ?Roger Morris Information on MS/Print: NLW 1553A, 11-31 Date: c.1582-1633 Edited in: RhG1954: 90-95 Coverage: partial Text Length: 1,842 words Source Text: 1574 edition of the Sacra Historia of Sulpicius Severus Source Language: Latin Genre: narrative __________________________________ 19. theophrastes_tagged.txt Text Title: Llyfr Theophrastes or neithiorav Translator: Huw Pennant Information on MS/Print: NLW, Peniarth 182: 155-65 Date: 1509×1513 Edited in: Chotzen 1931: 46-50 Coverage: full Text Length: 1,164 words Source Text: N/A Source Language: Latin Genre: treatise __________________________________ 20. TN_Sal1567_tagged.txt Text Title: Testament Newydd (Gospel of Mark, Paul's Letter to the Romans; selected chapters from John, Luke, and Matthew) Translator: William Salesbury Information on MS/Print: Testament Newydd ein Arglwydd Jesu Christ (London: Henry Denham for Humfrey Toy, 1567); STC (2nd ed.) / 2960 Date: 1567 Edited in: Willis & Mittendorf 2004 Coverage: partial Text Length: 13,103 words Source Text: New Testament Source Language: Greek, as well as other NT versions Genre: Bible __________________________________ 21. transitus1_tagged.txt Text Title: Transitus Marie Translator: Huw Pennant Information on MS/Print: NLW, Peniarth 182: 179-98 Date: 1509×1513 Edited in: Williams 1959: 133-5 Coverage: full Text Length: 1,703 words Source Text: I.a. Legenda Aurea Source Language: unclear Genre: narrative __________________________________ 22. vives_tagged.txt Text Title: Dysgeidiaeth Cristnoges Translator: Richard Owen Information on MS/Print: NLW, Peniarth 403 Date: 1552 Edited in: RhG1954: 47-53 Coverage: partial Text Length: 2,321 words Source Text: De instructione Feminae Christianae by Juan Luis Vives (1523) Source Language: Latin Genre: treatise Additional Notes: See Jarvis 1985; Vives 1996 __________________________________ 23. wrsla_tagged.txt Text Title: Hystoria Gweryddon yr Almaen Translator: Huw Pennant Information on MS/Print: NLW, Peniarth 182: 261-99 Date: 1509×1513 Edited in: Transcription kindly provided by Jane Cartwright Coverage: full Text Length: 4,002 words Source Text: Amalgamation of different sources, e.g. Legenda aurea and Wynkyn de Worde's Nova legenda Anglie (1509) (Cartwright 2016: 176) Source Language: Latin Genre: narrative __________________________________ F ANNOTATION-SPECIFIC INFORMATION 1. Variable list including full names and definitions (please spell out abbreviated words) of column headings for tabular data: Not applicable - data is formatted as running tagged text, not tabular data. POS tags and structural markers used in the texts: In addition to POS tags [see WT16POS_tagset.csv], the files include: • - Segmentation into utterance units (sentence boundaries) • # - Marker for token division • ! - Marker for token combination • * - Indicator of editorial emendation • + - Marker for phonologically missing material • Empty categories (e.g., null topics and null expletives) in limited cases Example tagged line: Ydd/PCL oedd/BEAI-3SG gynt/ADV yn/P Ruvain/NPR amherawdr/N kadarn/ADJ synwyrvs/ADJ ,/PUNC yr/D hwnn/DEM a/PCL elwid/VBA-4 Ffredric/NPR ./PUNC 2. Units of measurement used: Text length: word count (tokens) Date ranges: years (approximate in some cases) 3. Missing data codes/symbols: - Where translator is unknown: "Anonymous" or "Anon." - Where dates are approximate: "c." (circa) or date ranges with "×" (e.g., 1509×1513) - Where source language is uncertain: "unclear" or "English/Latin (uncertain)" - Uncertain attributions marked with "?" (e.g., "?Roger Morris") 4. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: Manuscript/Print abbreviations: - NLW = National Library of Wales - BL = British Library - EEBO = Early English Books Online - ESTC = English Short Title Catalogue - STC = Short Title Catalogue Edition abbreviations: - RhG1954 = Rhyddiaith Gymraeg: Detholion o Lawysgrifau 1488-1609 (1954) - RhG1956 = Rhyddiaith Gymraeg: yr ail gyfrol (1956) For complete list of POS tag abbreviations, see WT16POS_tagset.csv __________________________________ G REFERENCES Editions and Studies Cited in Metadata: Cartwright, Jane. 2016. The Middle Welsh Life of St Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins. In The Cult of St Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins, ed. Jane Cartwright, 163–186. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. Chotzen, Theodor Max Thomas. 1927. Un ancien fragment des Colloques en gallois. Neophilologicus 12.3:210–218. Chotzen, Theodor Max Thomas. 1931. La 'Querelle des femmes' au Pays de Galles. Revue Celtique 48:42–93. Huws, Daniel. 2022. Repertory of Welsh Manuscripts and Scribes c.800-c.1800. Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. Jarvis, Branwen. 1985. Dysgeidiaeth Cristnoges o ferch a'i gefndir. Ysgrifau Beirniadol 13:219–226. Kyffin, Maurice. 1908. Deffyniad Ffydd Eglwys Loegr a gyfieithwyd i'r Gymraeg o Ladin yr Esgob Jewel yn y flwyddyn 1595. Argraffiad newydd gyda rhagymadrodd a nodiadau wedi ei olygu gan Wm. Prichard Williams. Bangor: Jarvis a Foster. Lewis, Henry. 1921. Darnau o'r Efengylau. Y Cymmrodor 31:193–216. Lloyd, Nesta. 1972a. Cyfieithiad o Ran Colloquium Adolescentis et Scortis Erasmus i'r Gymraeg. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 25.1:32–46. Lloyd, Nesta. 1972b. Cyfieithiad o ran o 'De Remediis Fortuitorum Liber' Seneca i'r Gymraeg. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 24.4:450–458. Lyall, Roderick J. 2002. The marketing of James VI and I: Scotland, England and the continental book trade. Quærendo 32/3-4:204–217. McCann, James. 2016. Na all fod un Ffydd ond yr Hen Ffydd, Robert Gwyn. PhD thesis, Prifysgol Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth. Meelen, Marieke & David Willis. 2021. Towards a historical treebank of Middle and Early Modern Welsh, part I: Workflow and POS tagging. Journal of Celtic Linguistics 22. 125–154. (doi: 10.16922/jcl.22.6). Meelen, Marieke & David Willis. 2022. Towards a historical treebank of Middle and Modern Welsh: Syntactic parsing. In Journal of Historical Syntax 6(5), 1–32. (doi: 10.18148/hs/2022.v6i4-11.135). Poppe, Erich. 2012. "Erasmus Roterodamus yr athro dyscedickaf, huotlaf, ac awdurusaf": Zur Erasmus-Rezeption im 16. Jahrhundert in Wales. In Erasmus-Rezeption im 16. Jahrhundert, ed. Christoph Galle and Tobias Sarx, 39–55. Frankfurt am Main: Lang. Poppe, Erich. 2022. The two sources of Maurice Kyffin's Deffynniad Ffydd Eglwys Loegr (1595). Celtica 34:93–109. RhG1954 = Rhyddiaith Gymraeg: Detholion o Lawysgrifau 1488-1609. 1954. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. RhG1956 = Rhyddiaith Gymraeg: yr ail gyfrol: Detholion o lawysgrifau a llyfrau printiedig 1547-1618. 1956. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. Smith, Douglas Mark. 2002. Treigl y marchog crwydrad. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. Vives, Juan Luis. 1996. Selected works. Leiden: Brill. Williams, J.E. Caerwyn. 1959. Transitus Beatae Mariae a thestunau cyffelyb. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 18 (II): 130–157. Williams, Patricia. 2000. Gesta Romanorum. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. Willis, David, and Ingo Mittendorf. 2004. Corpws Hanesyddol yr Iaith Gymraeg 1500-1850 / A Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language 1500-1850. https://www.celticstudies.net/ Additional Resources: • Early English Books Online (EEBO): https://www.proquest.com/eebo • Parsed Historical Corpus of the Welsh Language (PARSHCWL): https://www.celticstudies.net/parshcwl/ • Penn Historical Corpora tagset: https://www.ling.upenn.edu/histcorpora/ __________________________________ SUGGESTED CITATION: Sackmann, Raphael; Parina, Elena; Meelen, Marieke, 2026, "16th Century Welsh Translations: Part-of-Speech Tagged Corpus", https://doi.org/10.60507/FK2/N9MZ8E, bonndata, V1. __________________________________ End of README Last updated: July 2026