This file was generated on 2024-05-17 by Lars Caspersen A GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title of the dataset: Long-term phenology observations for temperate fruit trees in the Mediterranean region (and Germany) 2. Brief description of the research project and its aims: This dataset was collected during the Adapting Mediterranean Orchards (AdaMedOr) project. The AdaMedOr project had three main objectives (i) Assess the current agro-biodiversity of temperate fruit trees in the Mediterranean area, (ii) Anticipate the future performance of fruit trees based on state-of-the-art phenology modeling and climate impact projection approaches, and (iii) Design and disseminate biodiversity portfolios that ensure resilient and sustainable fruit production for future climatic conditions. As part of the first objective, the project partners assembled long-term phenology observations (mostly bloom) of temperate fruit and nut tree species. The phenology data was collected in commerically managed orchards by the project partners. Earliest records are from the 1950s, most observations are made in the period 1990 - 2020. The dataset served to calibrate phenology models, which were then used to project climate change impacts. 3. Author Information A. Investigator Contact Information Name: Lars Caspersen Institution: Department of Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn Address: Auf dem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany Email: lcaspers@uni-bonn.de B. Project Supervisor (Principal Investigator) Contact Information Name: Luedeling, Eike Institution: Department of Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn Address: Auf dem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany Email: luedeling@uni-bonn.de C. In case of questions related to this dataset, please contact: Name: Luedeling, Eike Institution: Department of Horticultural Sciences, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn Address: Auf dem Hügel 6, 53121 Bonn, Germany Email: luedeling@uni-bonn.de 4. Date of data collection : 1958-01-01 to 2022-12-31 5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: We thank the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA), a program supported under H2020, the European Union’s Framework program for research and innovation, for funding this research within the AdaMedOr project (grant number 01DH20012 of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research). We also thank national donors from the partner countries: the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Agencia Estatal de Investigación 10.13039/501100011033) and NextGeneration EU/PRTR (grants PCI2020-111966 and PID2020-115473RR-I00 in the case of CITA; grant PCI2020-112113 in the case of CEBAS); the Ministère de l’Education Nationale, de la Formation Professionnelle, de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Département de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique (MENFPESRS/DESRS- Maroc) in the case of Morocco; and the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in the case of Tunisia. 6. Language of the dataset: English 7. Geographic location of data collection : Spain, Tunisia, Morocco, Germany B DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1. File List: 01_combined_phenological_data_adamedor_clean.csv Main file of the dataset. It contains the phenological observations for all species, cultivars, and locations. 02_coordinates_weatherstations.csv Information on the accompanying weather data. Contains coordinates of weather station. 03_cieza.csv Contains daily minimum and maximum temperature observations for location Cieza, Spain. 04_klein-altendorf.csv Contains daily minimum and maximum temperature observations for location Klein-Altendorf, Germany. 05_meknes.csv Contains daily minimum and maximum temperature observations for location Meknes, Morocco. 06_santomera.csv Contains daily minimum and maximum temperature observations for location Santomera, Spain. 07_sfax.csv Contains daily minimum and maximum temperature observations for location Sfax, Tunisia. 08_zaragoza.csv Contains daily minimum and maximum temperature observations for location Zaragoza, Spain. 98_combined_phenological_data_adamedor_raw.csv Raw, poorly formatted phenological observations. 99_clean_pheno_data.R R script to read the raw, poorly formatted phenological observations and save them in a tidied-up format (01_combined_phenological_data_adamedor_clean.csv) 2. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? no 3. Relationship between files : File 1 contains phenological observations. File 2 contains coordinates of weather stations. Files 3 - 8 contain daily minimum and maximum temperature for the specified location. File 98 contains the raw, unformatted phenological obsverations. File 99 is an R script, which reads file 98, clean some of the cultivar names and makes the date format of the phenological observations homogenous. 4. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: C SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION 1. Was data derived from another source? yes/no : Some of the temperature observations were taken from the Global Summary of the Day (GSOD). https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/metadata/landing-page/bin/iso?id=gov.noaa.ncdc:C00516 2. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: CC-BY 4.0 The dataset was compiled as part of the Adapting Mediterranean Orchards (AdaMedOr project) https://mel.cgiar.org/projects/adamedor 3. Links to publications that cite or use the data : Abou-Saaid, O., El Yaacoubi, A., Moukhli, A., El Bakkali, A., Oulbi, S., Delalande, M., Farrera, I., Kelner, J.-J., Lochon-Menseau, S., El Modafar, C., 2022. Statistical approach to assess chill and heat requirements of olive tree based on flowering date and temperatures data: Towards selection of adapted cultivars to global warming. Agronomy 12, 2975. doi: 10.3390/agronomy12122975 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122975 Borgini, N., Benmoussa, H., Ghrab, M., Mimoun, M.B., 2024. Key insights for improved climate change adaptation strategies: Assessing chilling and heat requirements of Prunus cultivars (Prunus sp.) in warm climate regions. Scientia Horticulturae 325, 112683. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112683 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112683 Elloumi, O., Fki, M., Benmoussa, H., Feki, M., Ben Mimoun, M., Ghrab, M., 2024. Agro-climatic requirements and reproductive potentials of pistachio pollinator specimens grown in warm area in North Africa. Scientia Horticulturae 325, 112649. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112649 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112649 Fadón, E., Do, H., Blanke, M., Rodrigo, J., Luedeling, E., 2023a. Apparent differences in agroclimatic requirements for sweet cherry across climatic settings reveal shortcomings in common phenology models. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 333, 109387. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109387 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109387 Fadón, E., Espiau, M.T., Errea, P., Alonso Segura, J.M., Rodrigo, J., 2023b. Agroclimatic Requirements of Traditional European Pear (Pyrus communis L.) Cultivars from Australia, Europe, and North America. Agronomy 13, 518. doi: 10.3390/agronomy13020518 https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020518 Fadón, E., Fernandez, E., Luedeling, E., Rodrigo, J., 2023c. Agroclimatic requirements and adaptation potential to global warming of Spanish cultivars of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). European Journal of Agronomy 145, 126774. doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2023.126774 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2023.126774 Fadón, E., Rodrigo, J., Luedeling, E., 2021b. Cultivar-specific responses of sweet cherry flowering to rising temperatures during dormancy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 307, 108486. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108486 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108486 Herrera, S., Lora, J., Fadón, E., Hedhly, A., Alonso, J.M., Hormaza, J.I., Rodrigo, J., 2022. Male meiosis as a biomarker for endo-to ecodormancy transition in apricot. Frontiers in Plant Science 13, 842333. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.842333 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.842333 4. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data : 5. Links/relationships to ancillary datasets : D METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: Phenological observations followed the guidelines of Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry (BBCH). Meier, U. (2001). "Growth stages of mono- and dicotyledonous plants". BBCH Monograph. doi:10.5073/bbch0515 2. Methods for processing the data: Project partners contributed their local long-term phenology observations. Collected files were combined and cleaned using the software R. 3. Instrument- and/or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: R software to run the script (99_clean_pheno_data.R), which cleans the raw data (98_combined_phenological_data_adamedor_raw.csv). But cleaned data (01_combined_phenological_data_adamedor_clean.csv) can be used without running the R script 4. People involved in sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: Project partners include: Luedeling, Eike; Caspersen, Lars; Delgado Delgado, Alvaro; Egea, Jose A.; Ruiz, David; Ben Mimoun, Mehdi; Benmoussa, Haïfa; Ghrab, Mohamed; Kodad, Ossama; El Yaacoubi, Adnane; Fadón, Erica; Rodrigo, Javier Furthermore numerous technical staff was involved in the data collection. 5. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: not applicable 6. Standards and calibration information : not applicable 7. Environmental/experimental conditions : Accompanying daily minimum and maximum temperature is provided for some location. E DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [FILENAME] 01_combined_phenological_data_adamedor_clean.csv 99_combined_phenological_data_adamador_raw.csv 1. Variable list including full names and definitions (please spell out abbreviated words) of column headings for tabular data: - species, name of the fruit tree species, currently 10 different species: almond, apple, apricot, European plum, Japanese plum, olive, peach, pear, pistachio, sweet cherry - cultivar, name of the cultivar, covers over 270 different cultivars - location, name of the location were the observation was made. Matches the name of the daily minimum and maximum temperature data. Currently includes 4 locations in Spain (Archag, Cieza, Santomera, Zaragoza), 3 location in Morocco (Meknes, Khenifra, Tassout), 2 locations in Tunisia (Sfax, Mornag) and 1 location in Germany (Klein-Altendorf) - climatic_classification, classification of the climate of the location following the Koeppen-Geiger classification - climatic_data, boolean, states if daily minimum and maximum temperature are available for that location - year, year the observations was made - dormancy_break_field, Breaking endodormancy date according forcing experiments - breaking_dormancy_40_baggiolini, Breaking ecodormancy date in the field (Ecodormancy: 40% buds B-C/C Baggiolini’s stage) - begin_flowering_f5, date begin of flowering, 10% of buds are open, BBCH 61, - flowering_f50, date (format: (dd/mm/YYYY) full flowering, 50% of buds are open, BBCH 65 - flowering_f90, date (format: (dd/mm/YYYY) flower fading, majority of petals fallen, BBCH 67 - end_flowering, date (format: (dd/mm/YYYY) end of flowering: all petals fallen, BBCH 69 - ripening, date of fruit ripening (format: (dd/mm/YYYY) - bud_drop, date of bud drop (format: (dd/mm/YYYY) - flower_anomaly, description of anomaly of flowering - spring_frost_damage, description if cases of frost damage - productivity, description on yield - fruit_quality, description on fruit quality - rootstock, describes the root stock the cultivar was grafted on - plantation_framework, describes the planting design of the orchard - training_system, describes training system of the trees - irrigation_system, states if the trees were irrigated or rainfed - comment, additional comments on the observation - country, country in which the observation was made - source, provider of the observations, Uni Bonn = University of Bonn, CEBAS-CSIC = Centre for Soil and Applied Biology Segura - Spanish National Research Council, CITA = Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, INAT = Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, ENA = Ecole Nationale d'Agriculture de Meknès, USMS = Superior School of Technology Khenifra, University Sultan Moulay Slimane 2. Units of measurement used: date (format: (dd/mm/YYYY) 3. Missing data codes/symbols: NA = missing observation 4. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: not applicable 02_coordinates_weatherstations.csv 1. Variable list including full names and definitions (please spell out abbreviated words) of column headings for tabular data: - station_name, name of the location - country, country the location is situated in - latitude, coordinate of the weather station - longitude, coordinate of the weather station 2. Units of measurement used: coordinates are provided in decimal degree format 3. Missing data codes/symbols: NA = missing observation 4. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: not applicable 03_cieza.csv 04_klein-altendorf.csv 05_meknes.csv 06_santomera.csv 07_sfax.csv 08_zaragoza.csv 1. Variable list including full names and definitions (please spell out abbreviated words) of column headings for tabular data: - Date, date of the observation, format (dd/mm/YYYY hh:mm:00) - Year, year of the observation - Month, month of the observation - Day, day of the observation - Tmin, minimum daily temperature (°C degree centigrade) - Tmax, maximum daily temperature (°C degree centigrade) 2. Units of measurement used: temperature is giving in degree centigrade (°C) 3. Missing data codes/symbols: NA = missing observation but should not contain missing observations 4. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: not applicable