Panel data variables

paid = Peasant association id

hhid Household id

familysize = Family size

w1 Share of fuelwood collection labour time

w2 = share of agricultural labour time

w3 = share of off-farm labour time

fuelwoodtime = Labour time allocated to fuelwood collection in hours per year

farmtime = Labour time allocated to agricultural activity in hours per year

offarmtime = Labour time off-farm work in hours per year

lnfuelwage = log of observed fuelwood wage

lnfarmwage = log of observed agricultural wage

lnwageoffarmhourlys = log of observed off-farm wage

dummybiomassell = Dummy household selling biomass (=1 if HH sold biomass, otherwise zero)

dummyoffarm = Dummy household off-farm emplyment (=1 if HH participated in off-farm, otherwise zero)

dummyremit = Dummy household received remittance (=1 if HH received remittance, otherwise zero)

ageofhead = Age of household (HH) head in years

hheducaboveelem = Dummy HH head attended education level above elementary school

dummyfamhighschoolabove = Dummy HH family member attended education level high school or above

highestfamilyschool = Highest number of school attended by HH family member in years

logland = Log of land in hectares

lntree = Log number of trees on private land parcel

lnlivestock = Log number of livestock in tropical livestock unit

dependency = Ratio of dependents to family labourers

sharefemale = Ratio of female adult to family labour

distroad = Average distance of village from paved road in KM

lnvillagepercapitalin = Log of village level percapita HH income in Birr per year

dummyagricoope = Dummy availability of agricultural cooperative in village

interlnpercidistroad = Interaction of log of percapita income and distance to road

interdummycoopdistroad = Interaction of dummy agri. coop. and distance to road

intercooppercapi = Interaction of log of percapita income and distance to road

lnm = Log of total sum of number of hours allocated to fuelwood collection, agricultural activity and off-farm employment

imrfuel = Inverse mills ratio predicted for participation in fuelwood collection

imrofffarm = Inverse mills ratio predicted for participation in off-farm employment

lnp1pool = Log of predicted fuelwood collection labour wage

lnp2pool = Log of predicted agricultural wage

lnp3pool = Log of predicted off-farm wage

percapitaincome = Percapita household income in Birr per year

higherincpercap = Dummy high percapita income group (=1 if HH is in higher percapita income group, zero otherwise)

middleincome = Dummy middle income group (=1 if HH is in middle percapita income group, zero otherwise)

lowerincome = Dummy low income group (=1 if HH is in lower percapita income group, zero otherwise)

lnpercapitenergyr = Log per capita total energy expenditure (in Birr per month)

lnfoodexpercap = Log percapita food expenditure (in Birr per month)

dummybiomasspurchase = Dummy biomass energy purchase [=1 if HH purchased biomass (charcoal and fuelwood)]

dummykeropurchas = Dummy kerosene purchase (=1 if HH purchased kerosene, zero otherwise)

dummyfood = Dummy food purchase (=1 if HH purchased food, zero otherwise)

imrfood = Inverse mills ratio for food purchase

imrbiomass = Inverse mills ratio for biomass purchase

imrkerosene =Inverse mills ratio for kerosene purchase

discretefuelpurchasemix = Discrete variable household fuel purchase mix

Bioenergy variables

paid = Peasant associations id

hhid = household id

fuelwoodconsumed = Amount of fuelwood consumed in Kg per year

lnfuelwoodconsn = Log of amount of fuelwood consumption in K

agrofuel = Amount of agricultural fuel consumption in Kg per year

charcoal = Amount of charcoal consumption in Kg per year

totalbiomasscn = Total amount of biomass consumed in Kg per year

lnbiomassconsn = Log of total amount of biomass consumed in Kg per year

lnshadfuelwoodprice =Log of shadow fuelwood price in Birr per Kg

lndungprice = Log of shadow dung cake price in Birr per Kg

lncharcoalprice = Log of charcoal price in Birr per Kg

lnkerosenprice = Log of Kerosene price in Birr per Kg

lnliv = Log of number of livestock in tropical livestock unit (TLU)

lnland = Log of land in hectares

lnfuelwoodshadowwagelnliv = Interaction of log shadow fuelwood wage* log livestock in TLU

lnfuelwoodshadowwagelnland = interaction of log shadow fuelwood wage * log land

dummyimprovedcookstove = Dummy HH ownership of improved cook stove (=1 if HH has ICS, otherwise zero)

lnfuelwoodtime = Log of number of annual labour time used for fuelwood collection in hours

hhsex = household head gender (1= if male, otherwise zero)

hheduc = household head literate (1= if HH head attended any formal school, zero otherwise)

familysize = number of family member

ageofhead = age of head in years

familsizesquare = family size square

sharefemaleadult = share of female adult in total household labourer

lnnonlabourincomce = Log of non-labour income in Birr per year

logpopulationden = Log of population density at village or peasant association scale

highestfamilyschool = number of highest school attended by family member

logelectricityexpenditure = log of electricity expenditure in Birr per month

dummyfamihighschabove = Dummy HH family member attended high school or above