Inclusion and exclusion criteria summary First search 16. July. 2021, from 1.01.2000 to 16.07.2021 The search string applied in the web of science resulted in 568 papers First scan: Scan of the paper title, abstract and keywords. In this phase any papers outside Africa, systematic literature review papers, and ecosystem services studies that are not focusing on ecosystem assessment, valuation or mapping. This resulted in the exclusion of 133 papers. The detailed reasons of the exclusion 133 papers: -Ecosystem services study outside Africa -Global literature review of ecosystem services -ecosystem services intersection with other topics without any quantitative assessment such as invasive alien species, food security, mining, livelihood, and conceptual study of genderism of ecosystem services -ecosystem services of other ecosystems that do not include forests, such as watersheds, wetland, water, agriculture, urban area, and agropastoral. -general studies on; agriculture, land management, land use and land cover change, climate change, biodiversity condition and threats, restoration, conservation, insect, animal behavior, and epidemiology Second scan: reading the title, and abstract resulting in 200 papers being excluded. The reason of the exclusion of 200 papers: -biodiversity conditions -drivers that impact forest condition, forest cover or forest ecosystem services -management, governance strategy -payments for ecosystem services on forest cover; look at it again. -Impact of agriculture expansion on forest cover or forest ecosystem services provision -agriculture expansion on biodiversity, species abundance and richness. -trade-off between agriculture and natural ecosystem services -invasive alien species -land cover use change / dynamics on ecosystem services, or in forest cover -climate change in ecosystem services condition. -mining activities -land degradation on ecosystem services -Habitat structure, fragmentation -species abundance, species richness Third scan: full read of the selected papers, 119 articles excluded during the data extraction. The article studies biodiversity assessment. change detection studies change without any valuation of the ecosystem, or studies ecosystems without including forest ecosystems. Studies related to ecosystem services but its focus is assessing ecosystem services programs or strategy. the impact of forest loss in other living conditions but not linked to human, forest fragmentation and deforestation, future scenarios of LC/LU changes, biodiversity studies, valuing forest products such as timber and non-timber products. Still, without mentioning the forest ecosystem. In this category, most papers deal with biodiversity conditions, whether it is examining the drivers of biodiversity loss or examining habitat structure, species abundance, or species richness. A second set of papers examines tradeoffs between agriculture and natural ecosystem services without including forest. Among the drivers that impact ecosystem services delivery are land cover/use change, climate change, agriculture expansion, land degradation, invasive alien species, mining activities, urban expansion, and government strategy. The detailed reasons of the exclusion 119: - biodiversity assessment, index, medicinal use, species richness, biological process, structure -methodological oriented papers to monitor biodiversity, ecosystem services assessment - land cover/land use change detection without any assigned value to the ecosystem, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), future scenarios of land cover change - assessing the policy and strategy biodiversity and nature conservation e.g. PES , green policy ,REDD+ - papers value the forest ecosystem services as general without mentioning the forest. -ecosystem services valuation study but not in forest ecosystem ecosystem location or name, for example NTFP in the country without link to specific forest ecosystem. -climate change scenarios. - drivers of ecosystem change, but not accompanied with ecosystem valuation -ecosystem services use and identification - conceptual papers on ecosystem services -conservation practices - not available paper Summary of exclusion criteria of the first phase: The papers in this category follow the first level of elimination. As part of developing exclusion criteria, titles, keywords, and abstracts were examined, which led to the development of an exclusion category composed of four classes. Papers with a case study located outside Africa and global literature review are placed in a first class. The second class of papers focuses on ecosystem services intersection with other topics without any quantitative assessment such as invasive alien species, food security, mining, livelihood, and conceptual study of genderism of ecosystem services. The third class includes papers on ecosystem services of other ecosystems that do not include forests, such as watersheds, wetland, water, agriculture, urban area, and agropastoral. Finally, the last class focuses on general studies on; agriculture, land management, land use and land cover change, climate change, biodiversity condition and threats, restoration, conservation, insect, animal behavior, and epidemiology. These studies could include the perspective of ecosystem services or not, however the main criteria of eliminating them was not focusing on valuation of forest ecosystem services, but was focusing on impact of land cover/use change of forest cover, habitat structure, biodiversity, species richness. Included papers of the first phase: 116 articles included in the analysis, and later 2 papers excluded in this phase. The papers included because they follow the following inclusion criteria: 1- first inclusion criteria country: African countries, Global but include African countries 2-second inclusion criteria ecosystem type: The study focuses on the forest ecosystem either independently or in conjunction with other ecosystems. It specifically addresses the forest ecosystem under examination. Any research that studies the value of forests or the services they provide but fails to explicitly mention the forest ecosystem was not considered. If the study values the forest trees products in the study, such as NTFP, without mentioning the name and location of the forest, the study will be eliminated. The criteria of defined forest ecosystem (supply) should be met in the study. Valuation study with defined forest ecosystem. In this study, we distinguish between the defined study area and the vegetation cover within that area. The study could define the study area as forest or not. However, at least the vegetation cover within the study area must be classified as forest for the study to be included. Please refer to the forest definition document for clarification. 3- third inclusion criteria for valuation type; direct or not direct A-The direct valuation: -payment for ecosystem services; -ecosystem services value (conservation and utilization) by local community -biodiversity conservation value by stakeholder, land use scenarios -biophysical quantification with economic value B-The indirect valuation: selection criteria for papers that didn’t mentioned the valuation directly, not monetary valuation, not carbon and biomass quantification. keywords related to the valuation: Impact, importance, change detection or land cover/use change on ecosystem services value 1. Forest preservation value, forest presence impact on: -human livelihood: -living organisms not human: biotic, e.g. mangrove trees on fish richness (not es), fish provisioning(es), excluding if they didn’t mention the human aspect or economic loss. If they study how forest presence impacts the provision of different services that are important to human wellbeing we consider it as a valuation study. another example, agricultural production increases when forest management improves soil fertility, a consequence of the presence of forest in an agroforestry system. Here is an indirect valuation of ecosystem services. -physical ecosystem: a biotic natural ecosystem or agriculture ecosystem especially agriculture production and soil, flood reduction. 2.Land cover/ Use change, value of forest cover loss: Studies of land cover/ use change usually forest cover and other land covers. -human livelihood: -living organism not human: biotic not human, indirect way affect the provision of different services to human wellbeing. How loss of mangrove forest affects the provision of fish and fishing livelihood. -Impact of land cover/use change on forest cover (physical ecosystem), habitat structure, biodiversity, species richness. If it’s only changes detection study without assessing how these changes affect the ecosystem services value and provision is not valuation study. -Impact of land cover/use change of forest ecosystem services values, either biophysical (carbon stock, water provisioning, food), or economic or cultural its ecosystem services valuation study. For example, some studies quantify the carbon storage from forest cover with relation to the change of land cover. Here the paper quantifies the carbon storage in different time series, and mentions the drivers of ecosystem services loss. However, any study on change detection without quantification of ecosystem services will not be considered. In conclusion mentioning the drivers of change alone will not consider as ecosystem services valuation but mentioning the drivers of change with ecosystem services quantification it will be considered as valuation study. As this valuation plus drivers of change analysis. 3.Tradeoff between ecosystem services -community perception or preference on ecosystem services -identification of ecosystem services, with community, or through remote sensing 4. Fourth inclusion criteria; should include human aspect or anthropocentric view. The human dimension; economic value, livelihood, food security, cultural value, health, conservation value defined by community. Any study of biodiversity without the link to ecosystem services, how this affects the provision of the services to human wellbeing is not included. studies without anthropocentric view we considered an ecosystem assessment but not ecosystem services valuation. Summary of inclusion criteria: The selected papers follow four criteria. the first criteria are that the research should be done in Africa or globally, but include African countries. Secondly, the ecosystem should be forest or forest with other ecosystems. Third, papers focus on forest assessment and ecosystem services valuation. This could be direct or indirect. The direct valuation like biophysical quantification or economic valuation of the ecosystem. However, the paper might not mention directly value of ecosystem but may mention impact/importance of ecosystem services on human life, or how land cover/use change affects ecosystem services values or the tradeoff between ecosystem services or how biodiversity presence or loss could impact livelihood, by affecting people's health or affecting the ecosystem that provide the services to the human. Additionally, they are considered and considered as indirect valuation. Because they consider the impact of ecosystem services on humans' well-being by examining the utility of biodiversity. Fourth, ecosystem services should be quantified from an anthropocentric point of view. At the end 114 papers included, as there are two papers excluded after data visualization as the forest ecosystem definition was not clear. Second search 11 August 2023. Same previous search string for period of 1.08.2021 to 11.08.2023 The search string applied in the web of science resulted in 226 papers First scan: Scan of the paper title and keywords. Exclude 36 papers from the title The reason of the exclusion 36 papers: -Biodiversity loss -Outside Africa, China. Second scan Scan of the paper after title and abstract reading 139 Reason of exclude 139 papers: -framework for valuation not valuation study -stakeholder analysis not valuation -assessment impact of ecosystem-based adaptation project -assessing forest management policy -ecosystem services valuation based on policy documents not specific on forest -deforestation, assessment of forest degradation not valuation -change detection and invasive species -change detection and deforestation stakeholder views about the cause of degradation -LC/ LU change detection only -spatial forest cover analysis not valuation -woody-plant encroachment not forest -forest impact on crop productivity under agroforestry scenario not current forest, it's just assumption -impact of trees diversity on soil diversity -tree species selection method -not case study paper -forest biodiversity on arthropods -two hills not forest, biodiversity index not valuation -corridor not forest -ecosystem services valuation not in forest -monetary value of carbon in farmland not forest -relational value and distance, focus on freshwater -the economic value of grassland cover not forest. Third scan exclude 11 papers during the data extraction after reading the abstract, scan whole paper -not mentioned forest ecosystem -not available Fourth scan include 40 papers in the literature review analysis because they fall in the inclusion criteria -inside Africa -forest ecosystem services valuation with clear mention of forest ecosystem. -direct or indirect valuation of the forest ecosystem. -include the anthropocentric perspective.