Winter wheat simulation outputs across Europe (1991–2020)doi:10.60507/FK2/QCZ9KAbonndata2026-01-201Behrend, Dominik; Nguyen, Thuy Huu; Baca Cabrera, Juan C.; Baumert, Josef; Gonçalves Bazzo, Clara Oliva; Jones, Dylan; Lobet, Guillaume; Seidel, Sabine J.; Srivastava, Amit Kumar; Storm, Hugo; Vanderborght, Jan; Ewert, Frank; Gaiser, Thomas, 2026, "Winter wheat simulation outputs across Europe (1991–2020)", https://doi.org/10.60507/FK2/QCZ9KA, bonndata, V1Winter wheat simulation outputs across Europe (1991–2020)Breeding changes water use of winter wheat across Europedoi:10.60507/FK2/QCZ9KABehrend, DominikNguyen, Thuy HuuBaca Cabrera, Juan C.Baumert, JosefGonçalves Bazzo, Clara OlivaJones, DylanLobet, GuillaumeSeidel, Sabine J.Srivastava, Amit KumarStorm, HugoVanderborght, JanEwert, FrankGaiser, ThomasBehrend, Dominik2026-01-09SIMPLACE Crop Modeling FrameworkR450058266bonndataBehrend, DominikBehrend, Dominik2026-01-15Agricultural SciencesEarth and Environmental SciencesAgricultural SciencesEarth and Environmental SciencesThis dataset contains spatially explicit, process-based simulation outputs of winter wheat growth and water use across Europe. Simulations were conducted over a 30-year historical climate period and aggregated to seasonal values from sowing to harvest. The dataset includes simulations for 2 winter wheat cultivars (Tommi and S. Dickkopf). As defined in the associated manuscript, Tommi represents a modern cultivar (released 2002), S. Dickkopf represents a historic cultivar (released 1895). The dataset was generated to support analyses of cultivar-specific differences in transpiration and related variables under contrasting climatic conditions.1991-01-012020-12-31Model Simulation outputs and inputsModel input weather data was derived from the Era5 reanalysis dataset: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 Data can be downloaded here: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=download This includes the following files of the dataset: /data/winter_wheat_simulation_inputs_europe_seasonal_weather_1990-2020_v1.0.csv /data/winter_wheat_simulation_inputs_europe_yearly_weather_1990-2020_v1.0.csvSoil Input data was derived from the SoilGrids2.0 1000 m dataset: https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-217-2021 Data can be downloaded here: https://files.isric.org/soilgrids/latest/data/ This includes the following files of the dataset: data/winter_wheat_simulation_inputs_europe_soilprofile_mean_1990-2020_v1.0.csv.gzThe crop map file was derived from: Baumert, J., Heckelei, T., & Storm, H. (2025). A dataset of yearly probabilistic crop type maps for the EU from 1990 to 2018. Data in Brief, 60, 111472, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2025.111472. Data can be downloaded here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14409497 This includes the following files of the dataset: /data/wheat_cropmask_europe_v1.0.tifThe Climate classification was derived from: Beck, Hylke E., Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Tim R. McVicar, Noemi Vergopolan, Alexis Berg, and Eric F. Wood. 2018. ‘Present and Future Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Maps at 1-Km Resolution’. Scientific Data 5 (1): 180214. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214. Data can be downloaded here: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6396959 This includes the following files of the dataset: /data/Beck_KG_V1_present_0p0083.tifThe shape file on country level for the world was derived from: https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com.<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>Behrend, Dominik, Thuy Huu Nguyen, Hubert Hüging, et al. 2025. ‘Biomass Partitioning and Canopy Architecture of Six German Winter Wheat Cultivars Released between 1895 and 2002’. Preprint, September 18. ESS Open Archive.Behrend, Dominik, Thuy Huu Nguyen, Hubert Hüging, et al. 2025. ‘Biomass Partitioning and Canopy Architecture of Six German Winter Wheat Cultivars Released between 1895 and 2002’. Preprint, September 18. ESS Open Archive.Lan, X., P. Tans, and K.W. Thoning. 2025. ‘Trends in Globally-Averaged CO2 Determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Measurements’. January.Lan, X., P. Tans, and K.W. Thoning. 2025. ‘Trends in Globally-Averaged CO2 Determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Measurements’. January.Baumert, J., Heckelei, T., & Storm, H. (2025). A dataset of yearly probabilistic crop type maps for the EU from 1990 to 2018. Data in Brief, 60, 111472Baumert, J., Heckelei, T., & Storm, H. (2025). A dataset of yearly probabilistic crop type maps for the EU from 1990 to 2018. Data in Brief, 60, 111472Beck, Hylke E., Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Tim R. McVicar, Noemi Vergopolan, Alexis Berg, and Eric F. Wood. 2018. ‘Present and Future Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Maps at 1-Km Resolution’. Scientific Data 5 (1): 180214Beck, Hylke E., Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Tim R. McVicar, Noemi Vergopolan, Alexis Berg, and Eric F. Wood. 2018. ‘Present and Future Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Maps at 1-Km Resolution’. Scientific Data 5 (1): 180214Poggio, Laura, Luis M. de Sousa, Niels H. Batjes, et al. 2021. ‘SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Soil Information for the Globe with Quantified Spatial Uncertainty’. SOIL 7 (1): 217–40.Poggio, Laura, Luis M. de Sousa, Niels H. Batjes, et al. 2021. ‘SoilGrids 2.0: Producing Soil Information for the Globe with Quantified Spatial Uncertainty’. SOIL 7 (1): 217–40.Hersbach, H., B. Bell, P. Berrisford, et al. 2023. ‘ERA5 Hourly Data on Single Levels from 1940 to Present.’ Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS).Hersbach, H., B. Bell, P. Berrisford, et al. 2023. ‘ERA5 Hourly Data on Single Levels from 1940 to Present.’ Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS).ReadMe.txttext/plainvariables.xlsxVariable and unit descriptionapplication/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheetwinter_wheat_simulation_outputs_europe_dickkopf_1991-2020_v1.0.csv.gzSimulation results of the historic winter wheat cultivar S. Dickkopf (released 1895)application/x-gzipwinter_wheat_simulation_outputs_europe_tommi_1991-2020_v1.0.csv.gzSimulation results of the modern winter wheat cultivar Tommi (released 2002)application/x-gzipBeck_KG_V1_present_0p0083.tifKöppen-Geiger climate zones, according to Beck et al. 2018: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214image/tiffwheat_cropmask_europe_v1.0.tifwinter wheat crop map for the domain, which was generated using the data by Baumert et al. 2025: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14409497image/tiffwinter_wheat_simulation_inputs_europe_seasonal_weather_1990-2020_v1.0.csv.gzSeasonal weather variables from Era5 reanalysis: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47application/x-gzipwinter_wheat_simulation_inputs_europe_soil_profile_mean_v1.0.csv.gzSoil profile mean variables from the SoilGrids2.0 dataset: https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-7-217-2021application/x-gzipwinter_wheat_simulation_inputs_europe_yearly_weather_1990-2020_v1.0.csv.gzYearly weather variables from Era5 reanalysis: https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47application/x-gzipR_script_visualizations_figure_4_7_S2_S4.RR script to create the figures 4,7 and S2, S4type/x-r-syntaxR_script_visualizations_figure_5_S11.RR script to create the figures 5 and S11type/x-r-syntaxR_script_visualizations_figure_6_S3.RR script to create the figures 6 and S3type/x-r-syntaxR_script_visualizations_figure_8_S5.RR script to create the figures 8 and S5type/x-r-syntaxR_script_visualizations_figure_S2_S7_S8.RR script to create the figures S2, S7 and S8type/x-r-syntax